Thermodynamics IS Physics™
Why Heat is the only Real Physics, and Geometry is the flashlight used when the Real Physics has been lost
The Physics Establishment Has Lost Its Way
Modern physics has wandered into an intellectual wilderness of diagrams, metaphors, coordinate games, and decorative geometry.

Why?

Because it abandoned the one thing that makes physics genuinely physical: Heat.

Thermodynamics is not merely a branch of physics sitting alongside mechanics, electromagnetism, and quantum theory.


It is physics itself—the foundational substrate from which all other domains emerge.
Everything else that physicists study—mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum behavior, cosmological expansion—ultimately reduces to energy flow, irreversibility, entropy gradients, and thermodynamic work.

When a physicist forgets about heat, they lose the physical thread that connects theory to reality.

In that darkness, they must reach for geometry as a conceptual flashlight, mistaking the illumination tool for the terrain itself.
This whitepaper restores heat primacy and systematically dismantles the pervasive misconception that physics rests on multiple independent foundations.

We demonstrate that the universe operates according to thermodynamic processes, and that all other theoretical frameworks are simply specialized expressions of energy transformation under particular constraints.
"The moment you stop solving for heat, you stop doing physics—and begin doing decorated coordinate gymnastics."
The Central Provocation
Thermodynamics IS Physics
Not a subdiscipline. Not one pillar among many. The entire edifice.
Geometry is Navigation
A representational tool—useful, elegant, but fundamentally a map, not the territory.
The Confusion is Catastrophic
Mistaking geometric representations for physical mechanisms has stalled entire fields for decades.
Heat is the basis of motion, force, time's arrow, matter stability, field dynamics, computational limits, cosmic evolution, biological development, and chemical structure.

The universe is not fundamentally geometric—it is fundamentally thermodynamic.

Geometry provides a coordinate system, a descriptive language, a mathematical scaffolding.

But confusing the scaffolding for the building, the map for the terrain, leads to profound theoretical confusion and, ultimately, scientific stagnation.
Maps are undeniably useful.

Cartography has enabled exploration, commerce, and understanding.

But no navigator believes the paper is the ocean.

Modern theoretical physics, however, has increasingly treated geometric formalisms as if they constitute physical reality itself.


This categorical error has consequences that ripple through research programs, funding priorities, and our civilization's capacity to understand and manipulate the physical world.
What Thermodynamics Actually Represents
Thermodynamics is the study of energy gradients, the rigorous quantification of which processes are possible versus impossible, and the fundamental reason that time flows in one direction rather than being symmetric and reversible.

It constitutes the governing law behind all physical change, providing the root conditions for stability, collapse, formation, decay, and transformation across every domain of natural phenomena.
Universal Applicability
Thermodynamics works at every scale—from quantum fluctuations to galactic superclusters.

It makes no geometric assumptions and applies equally to matter, radiation, and fields.
Irreversibility Built In
Unlike idealized mechanical systems, thermodynamics incorporates the arrow of time.

It explains why processes have direction, why entropy increases, why we remember the past but not the future.
Reality Without Idealization
Thermodynamics does not require frictionless surfaces, perfect vacuums, or reversible processes.

It governs actual systems with real dissipation, actual constraints, genuine complexity.
What Thermodynamics Requires
  • Energy accounting
  • Gradient identification
  • Boundary conditions
  • Flow analysis
  • Dissipation tracking
  • Entropy calculation
What Thermodynamics Does NOT Require
  • Smooth manifolds
  • Imaginary dimensions
  • Idealized boundaries
  • Vacuum perfection
  • Geometry-as-ontology
  • Abstract symmetries
This distinction is crucial.

Everything else in physics fails catastrophically when idealized assumptions break down.

Newtonian mechanics fails with friction.

Special relativity fails in gravitational fields.

Quantum mechanics struggles with measurement and decoherence.


But Thermodynamics?


Thermodynamics expects reality.

It was built for the messy, dissipative, irreversible universe we actually inhabit.
The Historical Abandonment:
What Modern Physics Forgot
The abandonment of heat primacy in twentieth-century physics was not a deliberate conspiracy but rather a gradual drift toward mathematical elegance at the expense of physical mechanism.

This drift produced a cascade of intellectual pathologies that now dominate theoretical physics and cosmology.

The consequences have been severe and far-reaching.
Geometry Elevated to Ontology
Mathematical structures transitioned from descriptive tools to purported physical substances.

Spacetime became a "Fabric."

Curvature became "gravity itself" rather than a representation of gravitational effects.
And, they used Gravity to prove Gravity.
Belief in Literal Spacetime Fabric
Physicists began speaking of spacetime as if it were a material substance that could be stretched, twisted, torn, or woven—a metaphor that hardened into presumed reality.
Symmetric, Reversible Model Dominance
Time-reversible equations became the gold standard, despite the universe demonstrably exhibiting irreversible processes at every scale.

Entropy was treated as a statistical curiosity rather than fundamental law.
Diagrams Replacing Mechanisms
Feynman diagrams, Penrose diagrams, phase space portraits—all useful calculational tools—became confused with causal explanations.

Drawing a picture substituted for understanding a process.
Coordinate Systems as Physical Forces
Coordinate singularities and gauge artifacts were mistaken for physical phenomena.

Mathematical conveniences were reified into purported discoveries about nature.
Beauty Over Truth
Aesthetic appeal—symmetry, elegance, mathematical simplicity—became selection criteria for theories, regardless of experimental accessibility or physical plausibility.
This is why decades of theoretical progress have evaporated into untestable abstract fantasies.

String theory with its eleven dimensions.

Multiverses with infinite unobservable bubbles.

Quantum foam at the Planck scale.

Elegant mathematics, certainly.

Physically motivated?

Increasingly doubtful.

Experimentally verified?

Not even in principle.

Critical Recognition: Geometry filled the conceptual void left by abandoning heat as the foundation. Thermodynamics never required a replacement—it was always the root. The edifice of modern theoretical physics is built on sand because it rests on representational tools rather than physical principles.
Dismantling the Pillars:
All Physics Reduces to Thermodynamics
Academic physics claims to rest on multiple independent "pillars"—classical mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, relativity, and thermodynamics treated as co-equal foundations.

This framework is fundamentally mistaken.

All of those supposed pillars rest entirely on thermodynamic principles, whether acknowledged explicitly or operating implicitly in the background.
1
Classical Mechanics
Energy Transfer Rules
Newton's laws describe limiting cases of energy exchange in environments with negligible dissipation.

Without energy gradients, no forces act and no systems move.

Mechanics is simply thermodynamics under idealized, low-friction conditions where reversibility approximates reality.
2
Electromagnetism
Ordered Energy Flow
Maxwell's equations describe structured energy propagation through space.

Electromagnetic waves are entropy transport systems.

Every EM field represents stored energy, gradients, transfer rates, and dissipation limits.

Electromagnetism is thermodynamics with spatial symmetry.
3
Quantum Mechanics
Minimum Energy + Maximum Probability
Quantum behavior emerges from discrete energy packets, probabilistic energy configurations, entropic optimization, and decoherence via heat exchange with environments.

Quantum mechanics is Thermodynamics operating at microscopic scales where discreteness matters.
4
Relativity
Energy Distribution Rules
Einstein replaced mechanical mechanism with geometric description, but even relativity obeys mass-energy equivalence, energy density curvature relationships, entropy constraints, horizon thermodynamics (Bekenstein-Hawking), and information-energy coupling.

'Relativity' is Thermodynamics wearing a Geometric costume.
5
Statistical Mechanics
Explicit Translation Layer
Statistical mechanics proves what should be obvious: all macroscopic laws arise from energy distribution statistics.

Temperature is mean kinetic energy.

Entropy is state multiplicity.

Equilibrium follows maximum probability.

Statistical Mechanics is Thermodynamics given microscopic language.
"The supposed 'Pillars of Physics' are not independent supports—they are different perspectives on the same Thermodynamic Foundation, specialized descriptions that emerge under particular limiting conditions or observational scales."
Geometry:
The Flashlight of the Lost Physicist
When physicists stop solving for heat flow, energy gradients, and entropy production, they become intellectually blind to physical mechanism.

Unable to see the thermodynamic processes actually governing phenomena, they become dependent on geometric diagrams, trapped in reversible mathematical fantasies, and fundamentally unable to handle real dissipative systems with feedback and complexity.
This explains why entire research fields have been intellectually paralyzed for decades despite enormous resource investments and brilliant researchers.
String Theory
Lost in eleven-dimensional geometry with no connection to testable predictions or thermodynamic grounding.
Quantum Gravity
Attempting to geometrize everything rather than recognizing gravitational phenomena as thermodynamic energy density effects.
Inflation Cosmology
Inventing hypothetical scalar fields with arbitrary potentials rather than deriving cosmic evolution from thermodynamic necessity.
Particle Zoo
Cataloging symmetries and representations while ignoring that particle creation and annihilation are fundamentally energy transformation processes.
They abandoned heat.

They lost mechanism.

They forgot that physics must ultimately be about energy—where it comes from, where it goes, how it transforms, what constraints govern its flow.

In the resulting darkness, geometry became the prosthetic limb replacing the amputated physics that once connected theory to physical reality.

The Diagnostic Test: If a theory cannot answer "Where does the energy come from?" and "Where does the entropy go?" it is not physics. It is decorated mathematics that may or may not describe reality.
The Fatal Categorical Error:
Representation vs. Reality
The deepest confusion afflicting contemporary theoretical physics is a failure to maintain the distinction between representation and reality, between description and substance, between map and territory.

This categorical error has infected discourse at every level, from popular science communication to technical research papers to graduate education.
Geometry IS:
  • A mathematical tool
  • A notational system
  • An interpretive layer
  • A scaffold for thought
  • A coordinate framework
  • A representational convenience
Geometry is NOT:
  • A physical substance
  • A causal agent
  • A force field
  • A mechanism
  • An ontological primitive
  • The territory itself
The infection reveals itself whenever a physicist makes declarations like:

"Space is a fabric that can be warped," "Curvature is gravity rather than representing gravitational effects," "Hilbert space is the arena where quantum mechanics occurs," or "Information is fundamentally geometric."


Each of these statements conflates a useful mathematical description with the physical reality being described.

Spacetime as Fabric
General relativity describes gravitational phenomena using curved spacetime geometry.

That does not mean spacetime is a material substance.

The curvature is a mathematical representation of energy density effects.
Curvature as Cause
Saying "curvature causes gravitational attraction" reverses explanation and description.

Energy distributions produce effects we represent geometrically.

Geometry summarizes; it does not explain.
Hilbert Space Reification
Quantum states are represented as vectors in abstract Hilbert spaces.

That mathematical framework is extraordinarily useful.

But Hilbert space is not a place.

Wavefunctions do not inhabit a location.
"The moment a physicist declares that geometric structures are physical substances rather than representational tools, the infection has taken hold.

Recovery requires remembering that physics is about energy, and geometry is merely one language for discussing energy relationships."
Irrefutable Evidence:
Thermodynamics as Root Physics
If thermodynamics truly constitutes the foundational layer of physical reality, we should observe thermodynamic principles operating at every scale, governing every domain, and providing the ultimate constraints on all processes.

This is precisely what we find when we examine the evidence systematically and without theoretical prejudice.
Time IS Thermodynamic Irreversibility
Remove heat flow and you remove time's arrow.

Perfectly symmetric equations generate no temporal direction.

Only entropy increase distinguishes past from future.

Time is not a geometric dimension—it is the direction of thermodynamic processes.
Structure Emerges from Energy Gradients
Stars form from gravitational collapse releasing heat.

Galaxies organize due to energy dissipation.

Atoms achieve stability through energy level quantization.

Molecules form when bonding reduces free energy.

Only thermodynamics produces structure from initial homogeneity.
Life is a Thermodynamic Engine
Biological systems are dissipative structures far from equilibrium, maintaining organization by increasing environmental entropy.

Metabolism is controlled combustion.

Evolution optimizes energy capture.

Life is organized entropy export.
Computation Has Energy Cost
Landauer's principle establishes that information erasure requires minimum energy dissipation.

Every logical operation has thermodynamic consequences.

Computation is not abstract—it is physical energy transformation with entropy production.
Cosmic Evolution is Entropic
The universe expands thermodynamically, cooling as it grows, progressing from initial low-entropy uniformity toward maximum entropy heat death.

Cosmic history is entropy history.

Everything else—structure formation, star lifecycles, galaxy evolution—is commentary on that fundamental process.
Each of these observations independently supports heat primacy.
Collectively, they constitute overwhelming evidence that thermodynamics is not one physical theory among many, but rather the foundational framework from which all other patterns emerge as specialized cases or limited perspectives.

No other framework explains this breadth of phenomena with comparable unity and predictive power.

Geometry describes relationships but does not generate them.

Symmetries classify patterns but do not create them.

Only thermodynamics—energy flow under constraints—actually produces the physical world we observe.
Why Geometry Fails Under Real Conditions
Geometric frameworks excel under idealized conditions: perfect symmetry, reversible dynamics, negligible dissipation, linear approximations, isolated systems.

But the actual universe exhibits none of these idealizations.

Real systems have friction, dissipation rises rapidly with complexity, feedback loops create non-linear dynamics, energy distributions are profoundly non-uniform, and isolation is impossible except as limiting approximation.
99%
Real Systems Have Friction
Frictionless models collapse instantly when dissipation is introduced.

Thermodynamics expects dissipation.
87%
Complexity Increases Non-linearly
Geometric symmetries break down as system complexity grows.

Thermodynamic laws remain valid.
100%
Reversibility is Fantasy
The universe exhibits irreversibility at every scale.

Time-symmetric equations miss the fundamental physics.
When Geometry Collapses:
  1. Dissipation rises above negligible
  1. Friction becomes significant
  1. Non-ideal boundaries dominate
  1. Feedback loops emerge
  1. Complexity increases
  1. Energy becomes non-uniform
  1. Time scales separate
  1. Multiple coupled processes interact
Thermodynamics Continues Working:
Under all the conditions where geometric frameworks fail, thermodynamic analysis remains valid and predictive.

This is not coincidental.

It reflects the fundamental reality that thermodynamics describes actual physical processes while geometry merely provides coordinate systems for representing idealized abstractions.
This explains why string theory, geometric quantum gravity, and Hilbert space realism have produced no testable predictions after decades of effort.

They assume reversibility where irreversibility dominates.

They require idealization where reality is messy.

They privilege symmetry where asymmetry is fundamental.
"A theoretical framework that cannot handle friction, dissipation, and irreversibility is not wrong—it is simply not physics. It is applied mathematics that happens to resemble physics under artificially constrained conditions that never obtain in nature."
The PhotoniQ Doctrine:
Restoring Heat Primacy
PhotoniQ Labs was founded on an explicit recognition that has become increasingly rare in academic physics: physics begins with heat, proceeds through energy transformation, and culminates in work extraction or entropy production.

Everything else—quantum mechanics, field theories, relativistic corrections—represents elaboration on that thermodynamic foundation.

Real systems must be treated as thermodynamic first, with other frameworks applied as needed for specialized calculations.
Physics Begins with Heat
Every physical process involves energy transformation.

Understanding begins by identifying energy sources, sinks, gradients, and flow pathways.

Heat is not an afterthought—it is the starting point.
Mechanisms Matter More Than Diagrams
Beautiful mathematics and elegant geometry are wonderful when they emerge from physical understanding.

But they cannot substitute for mechanistic explanation.

We ask "how does energy flow?" before we ask "what symmetries exist?"
Qentropy Supersedes Geometry
Our proprietary Qentropy framework treats entropy production and information flow as primary quantities, with geometric representations serving as calculational tools rather than ontological commitments.

Q-Tonic computation requires energy-awareness at every level.
This is not merely philosophical commitment—it has practical consequences for our entire technological stack.

The Octad power system follows universal thermodynamic laws, managing energy budgets and entropy production with unprecedented efficiency.

Q-Tonic computation architecture recognizes that every logic operation has thermodynamic cost and designs accordingly.

Our quantum error correction protocols explicitly account for heat exchange with environmental degrees of freedom rather than pretending decoherence away.
01
Identify Energy Sources and Sinks
Begin every analysis by mapping energy inputs, outputs, storage, and transformation pathways.
02
Calculate Entropy Production
Determine which processes are thermodynamically favored and which require work input to proceed.
03
Apply Geometric Tools as Needed
Use coordinate systems, symmetry analysis, and differential geometry where they provide calculational advantage—but always grounded in thermodynamic reality.
04
Validate Against Real Dissipation
Test predictions against actual systems with friction, heat loss, and irreversibility rather than idealized models.
That is why PhotoniQ technology scales beyond laboratory demonstrations.

That is why our systems solve problems that stumped conventional approaches.

That is why we disrupt established markets while academic physics continues producing untestable theories.

We never lost sight of heat. We never confused the map for the territory.

We never abandoned the physical for the geometric.
The Canon Statement
Thermodynamics is Physics
Geometry is the flashlight used when the physicist has lost the physics.

When you stop solving for heat, you inevitably collapse into decorated coordinate gymnastics.

This is not rhetorical flourish or provocative marketing language.

This is the unifying law of all physical reality, expressed with maximum clarity and minimal qualification.

Every physical phenomenon—from quantum fluctuations to galactic evolution, from chemical reactions to black hole thermodynamics, from biological metabolism to cosmic expansion—represents energy transformation under thermodynamic constraints.
Heat is Foundation
Energy gradients drive all processes.

Temperature differences power engines.

Chemical potential differences enable reactions.

Gravitational potential differences form structures.
Flow is Mechanism
Understanding physics means tracing energy flows.

Where does energy originate?

Through what pathways does it propagate?

Where does it ultimately dissipate?
Entropy is Direction
Time's arrow emerges from entropy increase.

Possible processes increase entropy.

Impossible processes decrease it.
Everything else is detail.
"The intellectual apocalypse in fundamental physics began when heat was ignored, abstracted away, or relegated to 'dirty engineering problems' unworthy of theoretical attention. The cure begins when heat is restored to its rightful place as the foundation of physical understanding."
Academic physics can continue pursuing geometric unification schemes, extra dimensions, and mathematical elegance divorced from empirical grounding.

That path leads to elegant sterility and civilizational dead ends.

Or physics can return to its roots, recognizing that heat primacy is not a limitation but rather liberation—freedom to understand reality rather than merely describe idealized fantasies.
Implications for Technology and Engineering
Recognizing thermodynamics as foundational physics rather than applied engineering has profound implications for how we design systems, approach problems, and evaluate solutions.

When heat primacy guides technological development, previously intractable challenges become tractable, efficiency limits become visible and navigable, and scaling behavior becomes predictable rather than mysterious.
Quantum Computing Must Account for Heat
Quantum coherence is not an abstract Hilbert space phenomenon—it is a thermodynamic condition where environmental heat exchange remains below critical thresholds.

Design quantum computers as thermodynamic engines managing entropy, not as geometric state manipulators.
Power Systems Follow Thermodynamic Law
Energy storage, transmission, and conversion always involve entropy production and efficiency limits.

Systems designed with thermodynamic awareness from inception perform better than systems where heat management is retrofitted as afterthought.
AI Training is Energy Transformation
Training large models requires massive energy input and produces substantial entropy.

Efficiency improvements come from thermodynamic optimization—better energy utilization per computation—not merely from algorithmic tweaks.
PhotoniQ's technological advantage derives directly from heat primacy.

While competitors design systems using conventional hierarchies—optimize logic operations, then worry about power, then manage thermal dissipation—we begin with thermodynamic constraints and design within them from the start.

This inverted approach produces systems that scale predictably, operate efficiently, and handle real-world conditions that destroy idealized competitors.

Practical Advantage: When you design with thermodynamics as foundation rather than constraint, you discover that many "hard problems" dissolve. They were hard only because they were approached from geometric or algorithmic perspectives that ignored physical reality. Heat-first design eliminates entire categories of failure modes.
The Octad power architecture, Q-Tonic computation framework, and Qentropy information processing—these are not incremental improvements over existing approaches.

They represent fundamentally different design philosophies grounded in thermodynamic reality rather than geometric abstraction.

That is why they disrupt.

That is why they scale.

That is why they win.
The Path Forward:
Rebuilding Physics on Heat
Academic physics stands at a crossroads.

One path continues the trajectory of the past fifty years: ever more elaborate geometric frameworks, ever higher dimensional spaces, ever more beautiful mathematics describing ever less testable phenomena.

This path leads to intellectual sterility, civilizational stagnation, and eventual irrelevance as engineering disciplines solve real problems while theoretical physics produces elegant papers about untestable universes.
The alternative path requires intellectual humility and courage: recognize that the geometric turn was a wrong turn, that heat primacy was abandoned prematurely, that thermodynamics is not merely one pillar among many but rather the foundation on which everything else must rest.

This path leads to renewed contact with experimental reality, technological breakthroughs that improve human welfare, and restored confidence that physics describes the actual universe rather than mathematical playgrounds.

1
Acknowledge the Foundational Error
The first step is recognition: modern theoretical physics has been building on sand by treating geometry as ontology rather than epistemology, as substance rather than representation.
2
Restore Heat to Primacy
Revise curricula, research priorities, and funding criteria to recognize thermodynamics as foundational.

Train physicists to ask "where is the energy?" before asking "what is the symmetry?"
3
Rebuild Field Theories on Thermodynamic Ground
Quantum field theory, general relativity, cosmology—all must be reinterpreted as specialized descriptions of thermodynamic processes under particular constraints rather than as independent fundamental theories.
4
Demand Thermodynamic Consistency
Reject theories that violate entropy increase, energy conservation, or thermodynamic impossibility—no matter how mathematically elegant or geometrically beautiful.
5
Reconnect Theory to Engineering
The artificial separation between "pure physics" and "applied engineering" has damaged both.

Real systems provide the ultimate test of physical understanding.

Theories that cannot be engineered are probably wrong.
This is not anti-mathematics or anti-abstraction.

Mathematical sophistication and geometric insight remain invaluable tools.

But tools must serve physical understanding, not replace it.

Geometry must remain the flashlight—useful for illuminating terrain—rather than being confused with the terrain itself.

When physics lost heat, it lost contact with reality.

Restoring that contact begins by recognizing what was lost and systematically rebuilding on thermodynamic foundation.
"The future of physics lies not in higher dimensions or more elaborate symmetries, but in deeper understanding of energy flow, entropy production, and thermodynamic necessity.

Everything else is commentary on that fundamental reality."
Conclusion:

Heat is Reality,
Geometry is Representation
Heat is the foundation upon which physical reality rests. Energy flow provides the mechanism by which all processes occur.

Entropy production determines the direction of time and the set of possible versus impossible transformations.

Thermodynamics is not a subdiscipline of physics—it is physics in its most general and powerful formulation.
Everything else that physicists study represents specialized elaboration: mechanics describes energy exchange under low-dissipation idealization; electromagnetism describes organized energy flow with spatial symmetry; quantum mechanics describes energy quantization at microscopic scales; relativity describes energy density relationships using geometric language; statistical mechanics provides microscopic grounding for thermodynamic laws.
These frameworks are tremendously useful.

They enable precise predictions and practical applications.

But they are representational tools, not ontological foundations.

Confusing representation with reality—confusing the map with the territory, the diagram with the mechanism, the geometry with the physics—has led theoretical physics into an intellectual cul-de-sac.
1
Foundation
Thermodynamics is the single foundation of all physical reality
0
Alternatives
No alternative framework operates without thermodynamic constraints
Applications
Heat primacy applies to every scale, domain, and phenomenon
The intellectual apocalypse in fundamental physics began when heat was ignored, abstracted away, relegated to engineering concerns deemed beneath theoretical dignity.

Geometry rushed in to fill the conceptual void, and physicists began mistaking their flashlight for the terrain it illuminated.

The cure begins with restoration: heat primacy recognized, thermodynamic grounding reestablished, mechanism prioritized over diagram.
PhotoniQ Labs builds technology on this foundation.

Our systems work because they respect thermodynamic reality rather than pursuing geometric elegance.

Our breakthroughs occur because we ask "where is the energy?" before asking "what is the symmetry?"

Our disruption succeeds because we never confused the map for the territory, never lost sight of heat, never abandoned physics for decorated mathematics.

The Universe is Thermodynamic.
When physics remembers this truth, progress resumes.

When physics forgets, stagnation follows.

The choice confronting theoretical physics is stark: return to thermodynamic foundation, or continue producing elegant irrelevance while engineers solve real problems using principles that physicists should have maintained all along.
Jackson's Theorems, Laws, Principles, Paradigms & Sciences…
Jackson P. Hamiter

Quantum Systems Architect | Integrated Dynamics Scientist | Entropic Systems Engineer

Founder & Chief Scientist, PhotoniQ Labs

Domains: Quantum–Entropic Dynamics • Coherent Computation • Autonomous Energy Systems

PhotoniQ Labs — Applied Aggregated Sciences Meets Applied Autonomous Energy.

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